Research Methodology
Multiple Choice Questions
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What is the purpose of a pilot study?
(A) To finalize the research report
(B) To test the feasibility of the research design
(C) To collect secondary data
(D) To analyze statistical errors
Key: (B) To test the feasibility of the research design
Explanation: Pilot studies help identify design flaws and assess feasibility before full-scale research. -
What does the h-index measure?
(A) Measuring journal impact
(B) Measuring author productivity and impact
(C) Plotting regression data
(D) Analyzing sample variance
Key: (B) Measuring author productivity and impact
Explanation: The h-index evaluates both the productivity and citation impact of an author’s publications. -
What does the term "sampling bias" refer to?
(A) Overrepresentation of a subset of the population
(B) Incorrect hypothesis testing
(C) Miscalculation in statistical tools
(D) Poor literature review
Key: (A) Overrepresentation of a subset of the population
Explanation: Sampling bias occurs when certain groups in the population are unfairly represented. -
Which software is commonly used for statistical analysis in research?
(A) MINITAB
(B) Photoshop
(C) AutoCAD
(D) WordPress
Key: (A) MINITAB
Explanation: MINITAB is a powerful tool for statistical analysis and data visualization. -
The ANOVA test is used to analyze:
(A) Variance within and between groups
(B) Relationships between categorical variables
(C) Correlation coefficients
(D) Regression equations
Key: (A) Variance within and between groups
Explanation: ANOVA compares group means to assess variance across multiple categories. -
Which research method involves manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
(A) Survey
(B) Experimental
(C) Observational
(D) Descriptive
Key: (B) Experimental
Explanation: Experimental research manipulates variables to observe changes and infer causality. -
What is the purpose of a literature survey in research?
(A) To collect primary data
(B) To identify research gaps and trends
(C) To create sampling designs
(D) To finalize statistical tests
Key: (B) To identify research gaps and trends
Explanation: Literature surveys help researchers understand the current state of knowledge and identify opportunities. -
What does "curve fitting" help in understanding?
(A) Patterns in categorical data
(B) Relationships and trends in quantitative data
(C) Sampling errors
(D) Design of experiments
Key: (B) Relationships and trends in quantitative data
Explanation: Curve fitting models data points to understand relationships and make predictions. -
Which index measures the citation frequency of publications?
(A) Impact factor
(B) h-index
(C) Scopus index
(D) i10 index
Key: (B) h-index
Explanation: The h-index measures an author's impact based on the number of highly cited papers. -
What is the primary aim of fundamental research?
(A) Solve practical problems
(B) Develop theories and principles
(C) Test a hypothesis
(D) Analyze statistical data
Key: (B) Develop theories and principles
Explanation: Fundamental research explores basic principles and knowledge without immediate application. -
Which statistical tool is used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
(A) ANOVA
(B) Correlation
(C) Chi-square test
(D) Regression
Key: (B) Correlation
Explanation: Correlation assesses the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. -
What is an "i10 index"?
(A) Number of citations per year
(B) Number of papers with at least 10 citations
(C) Number of highly cited articles
(D) Total number of journal articles
Key: (B) Number of papers with at least 10 citations
Explanation: The i10 index indicates how many papers have been cited at least 10 times. -
What is a null hypothesis?
(A) When there is no relationship between variables
(B) When variables are positively correlated
(C) The same as an alternative hypothesis
(D) Always true
Key: (A) When there is no relationship between variables
Explanation: The null hypothesis assumes no effect or relationship between variables. -
What is the first step in the research process?
(A) Data collection
(B) Literature review
(C) Defining the problem
(D) Hypothesis formulation
Key: (C) Defining the problem
Explanation: Defining the problem sets the foundation for a research study. -
In hypothesis testing, a Type I error occurs when:
(A) Null hypothesis is wrongly accepted
(B) Null hypothesis is wrongly rejected
(C) Alternative hypothesis is rejected
(D) Sample size is too small
Key: (B) Null hypothesis is wrongly rejected
Explanation: A Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected. -
Which of the following is NOT a type of research?
(A) Descriptive
(B) Exploratory
(C) Inferential
(D) Hypothetical
Key: (D) Hypothetical
Explanation: Hypothetical research is not a recognized category of research. -
Chi-square tests are used to:
(A) Compare means
(B) Test associations between categorical variables
(C) Analyze variance
(D) Estimate regression parameters
Key: (B) Test associations between categorical variables
Explanation: The chi-square test is used to determine if there is an association between two categorical variables. -
Which research approach uses simulations?
(A) Experimental
(B) Inferential
(C) Simulation
(D) Observational
Key: (C) Simulation
Explanation: Simulation research models real-world processes using virtual environments. -
What does the impact factor of a journal measure?
(A) Popularity of the journal
(B) Quality and influence of its publications
(C) Number of authors
(D) Page count of the journal
Key: (B) Quality and influence of its publications
Explanation: The impact factor reflects the frequency of citations to recent articles in the journal. -
Inferential statistics is primarily used to:
(A) Predict and generalize population characteristics
(B) Describe data distributions
(C) Analyze qualitative data
(D) Summarize large datasets
Key: (A) Predict and generalize population characteristics
Explanation: Inferential statistics use sample data to make generalizations about a population.
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What is the role of descriptive statistics?
(A) To analyze categorical data
(B) To summarize and describe data features
(C) To conduct hypothesis testing
(D) To create literature surveys
Key: (B) To summarize and describe data features
Explanation: Descriptive statistics organize and present data in a meaningful way through measures like mean, median, and standard deviation. -
Which of the following represents a qualitative research method?
(A) Surveys
(B) Case studies
(C) Experimental designs
(D) Statistical analysis
Key: (B) Case studies
Explanation: Case studies explore detailed, in-depth aspects of a phenomenon, making them suitable for qualitative research. -
The central limit theorem is associated with:
(A) Normal distribution
(B) Data collection methods
(C) Sampling methods
(D) Inferential statistics
Key: (A) Normal distribution
Explanation: The central limit theorem states that the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases. -
What does the term "primary data" refer to?
(A) Data collected directly by the researcher
(B) Secondary data from literature
(C) Data obtained from surveys only
(D) Statistical data
Key: (A) Data collected directly by the researcher
Explanation: Primary data is first-hand information collected specifically for the purpose of the study. -
What is the main characteristic of a good research design?
(A) Generalizability
(B) Complexity
(C) Bias
(D) High cost
Key: (A) Generalizability
Explanation: A good research design should produce results that are applicable to broader populations. -
Which type of error bars indicate variability in data?
(A) Horizontal bars
(B) Vertical bars
(C) Confidence intervals
(D) Mean differences
Key: (C) Confidence intervals
Explanation: Confidence intervals show the range within which the true value is expected to fall with a certain level of confidence. -
A research problem should be:
(A) Broad and unspecific
(B) Narrow and operationally defined
(C) Subjective and biased
(D) Focused on a single solution
Key: (B) Narrow and operationally defined
Explanation: A well-defined research problem ensures clear and focused research objectives. -
What does the impact factor of a journal measure?
(A) Number of authors
(B) Page count of the journal
(C) Popularity of the journal
(D) Quality and influence of its publications
Key: (D) Quality and influence of its publications
Explanation: The impact factor measures how often articles in a journal are cited, indicating its influence. -
Which of the following is a parametric test?
(A) Chi-square test
(B) t-test
(C) Run test
(D) Sign test
Key: (B) t-test
Explanation: Parametric tests, like the t-test, rely on assumptions about data distribution, usually normality. -
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
(A) Summarizing data
(B) Drawing conclusions about populations from samples
(C) Creating data tables
(D) Performing literature reviews
Key: (B) Drawing conclusions about populations from samples
Explanation: Inferential statistics help generalize findings from sample data to larger populations.
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